News (Updated April 26, 2009)

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Drug users drive AIDS in southern China - report

23 Apr 2009 20:08:46 GMT

Source: Reuters

WASHINGTON , April 23 (Reuters) - Drug users appear to drive the AIDS epidemic in China 's southern Guangdong province, Chinese and U.S. researchers reported on Thursday.

They found a sharp increase in the number of HIV infections in the 10 years between 1997 and 2007, but said it was likely due to better surveillance. They found 4,593 people with HIV infection in 2007.

"Among males classified by HIV transmission category, 82.1 percent of newly diagnosed infections were attributed to injection-drug use," the team from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Guangdong Center for Disease Control and colleagues wrote in the weekly CDC report on death and disease.

"Among females classified by HIV transmission category, 53.7 percent engaged in high-risk heterosexual conduct."

The epidemic mirrors changes in China as a whole, where experts estimate 700,000 people are infected with HIV, more than 70 percent of them unaware of it. In 2007, 20,000 people died of AIDS and 50,000 were newly infected.

"The recent increase in reported HIV cases attributed to high-risk heterosexual contact and the decline in cases attributed to injection-drug use might suggest a shift in Guangdong 's HIV epidemic similar to the national trend, in which heterosexual transmission was the main transmission category in China in 2007," CDC's comment on the report reads.

"Migrant women who lack appropriate job skills or who seek to supplement the family income might become sex workers, and migrant men living apart from their spouses might become clients of sex workers," the commentary adds.

Only 102 HIV cases were reported in Guangdong in 1997, but there was little surveillance.

Globally, the AIDS virus infects 33 million people. It has killed 25 million. There is no cure for the virus and no vaccine, but drugs can keep patients healthy for years. (Reporting by Maggie Fox)

 

AIDS treatment still eludes Chinese children-report

20 Apr 2009 01:58:01 GMT

Source: Reuters

PhotoBEIJING , April 20 (Reuters) - Chinese children with AIDS, especially from rural families, are going without treatment because their families are too poor to afford it, despite a government policy of free treatment, an activist group said on Monday.

Some families don't even know AIDS treatment programmes exist, it said.

" China has made great progress in the fight against AIDS, but far too many children are getting the wrong AIDS treatment," said Sara Davis, executive director of Asia Catalyst, which issued the report.

As many as 10,000 Chinese children may be HIV-positive, most because of botched blood transfusions or transmission from their mothers. They are concentrated in central Henan province, where the blood supply was contaminated in the 1990s, or in Yunnan province in the southwest, a hub for drug trafficking.

In 2005, 9,000 cases of children contracting HIV from their mothers were reported. Many children with AIDS die before the age of five, often undiagnosed. Some live too far from hospitals and others have been turned away from hospitals and schools that fear contagion from AIDS patients.

China guarantees free drug treatment for AIDS, but many poor families cannot afford the associated fees or treatment for other diseases which may strike the weakened children.

The government provides generic versions of four drugs for front-line treatment, but many patients have developed resistance.

Asia Catalyst called for the Chinese government to "fill in the gaps" by extending coverage for additional medical costs, and providing cheaper second-line drugs. (Reporting by Lucy Hornby; Editing by Nick Macfie)

 

World Bank triples funds for healthcare amid crisis

Sat Apr 25, 2009 10:52am EDT

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The World Bank is set to triple healthcare spending in developing countries to $3.1 billion this year amid signs governments are cutting funding in the midst of a global economic crisis.

A new World Bank report said it would increase its healthcare funding from $1 billion last year, with evidence already that some governments are facing difficulties in affording HIV/AIDS drug therapies.

Preliminary findings from a March 2009 World Bank survey in 69 countries, which offer treatment to 3.4 million people on anti-retroviral treatment, shows that eight countries now face shortages of anti-retroviral drugs or other disruptions to AIDS treatment.

Some 22 countries in Africa, the Caribbean, Europe and Central Asia, and Asia and Pacific are likely to have difficulties in providing anti-retroviral drugs over the course of the year.

HIV/AIDS prevention programs are also in jeopardy, with some 34 countries, representing 75 percent of people living with HIV, feeling an impact on prevention programs that target high-risk groups, including sex workers and drug users.

The World Bank also said it was doubling financing for health education this year to $4.09 billion.

The Bank's announcement comes amid an outbreak of a deadly swine flu in Mexico and the United States , which on top of a recession could be devastating to developing economies.

The World Bank this week said it was boosting investment in countries' social protection programs to $12 billion for 2009-10, including for so-called targeted assistance that offers poor families cash in return for sending kids to school and to mothers who take their children for regular checkups.

(Reporting by Lesley Wroughton; Editing by Andrea Ricci)

 

US vows to lead fight to end malaria deaths by 2015

by Karin Zeitvogel Karin Zeitvogel Fri Apr 24, 2:46 pm ET

US Ambassador to the UN Susan Rice, seen here on April 13, 2009, ...WASHINGTON (AFP) – The United States will lead its world partners in the battle to end deaths from malaria by 2015, US Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice said in Washington Friday.

"I am here today to say malaria is a scourge we will end," Rice told a gathering of UN officials, global faith leaders, a star musician and malaria experts at the launch of a UN report and new faith-based campaign to wipe out the disease that claims the lives of 3,000 African children a day.

"President Obama is committed to making the United States a global leader in ending deaths from malaria by 2015," Rice said to applause.

"If we could bottle the energy and expertise in this room, we would surely have malaria on the run," she said.

Although deaths from malaria have been halted in places like North America and Europe , the mosquito-borne disease still claims the lives of nearly one million people a year.

The vast majority of malaria victims are in Africa , and most are children who die before their fifth birthday, Ann Veneman, executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) told the conference, as she presented a report on how the battle against malaria is being won.

"The report shows that major and measurable successes are being achieved in fighting a disease that is one of the leading killers of children and a major cause of poverty," Veneman said.

"This report reminds us: malaria can become a disease of the past."

In a statement issued by the White House, Obama hailed the "great strides" that have been made in "addressing this preventable and treatable illness."

The road to wiping out malaria deaths by the middle of next decade "begins with ending malaria as a major public health threat in Africa ," the statement said.

And a key weapon in that battle is the simple mosquito net, the conference was told.

"In 10 African countries, an estimated 125,000 malaria deaths have been prevented from 2001 to 2007 through increased use of insecticide-treated nets," said Veneman.

That represents one-eighth of the estimated one million deaths which the World Health Organization (WHO) blamed on malaria in 2006.

The use of insecticide-treated nets -- one of the most effective ways of preventing malaria -- has increased at least threefold since 2000 in 19 of 22 countries in sub-Saharan Africa , the region hardest hit by malaria, the UNICEF report said.

Alongside the report, the One World Against Malaria Campaign was launched Friday, aiming to tap into local communities' trust of and easy access to faith leaders and institutions, which are highly effective at educating people about malaria and providing treatment and preventive tools, such as mosquito nets.

"Many rural areas lack health clinics, but they almost always have a mosque or a church," said Rice, adding that nearly a third of some 150 non-profit organizations which the United States has supported in the fight against malaria were faith-based groups.

Faith-based organizations are more effective in bringing about the social change that is necessary if the fight against malaria is to succeed, said Ed Scott, founder and chairman of the Center for Inter-Faith Action on Global Poverty (CIFA).

"Governments are effective at organizing spraying campaigns and distributing nets, but getting people to actually sleep under the nets, to welcome people into their homes to do spraying, is not so easy," Scott told AFP.

"The people who are best equipped to encourage social change are the faith-based institutions," he said.

In Africa , faith-based organizations provide about 40 percent of healthcare, WHO Assistant Director General for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, Hiroki Nakatani, said.

At the conference, jazz great Quincy Jones was presented with an award recognizing his lifelong dedication to humanitarian work.

"He was the one who inspired me to get involved in malaria," Ray Chambers, special envoy for malaria to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, told AFP.

"As I learned about malaria through Quincy , it really tugged at me because it's killing three times more kids under the age of five than HIV/AIDS, and it's preventable with a 10-dollar mosquito net," he said.

Accepting the award as the fund-raising song he produced -- "We are the World" -- played over loudspeakers, Jones said simply: "It's a remarkable thing to be on the road to defeating malaria."

 

Pakistan blighted by Afghan drugs in transit

Thu Apr 23, 2:36 AM

KARACHI (AFP) - Cheap Pakistani heroin is the curse of Rubina Naz's life.

This picture taken on March 26, shows Pakistani HIV patient ...Her marriage to a violent and abusive addict, during which she had to work to feed their four children, ended when he died of AIDS -- but not before he infected her with the HIV virus.

"Such a huge punishment without doing anything wrong crushed me," said 28-year-old Naz as she sat in a Karachi hospital.

She was 16 years old when her labourer father married her off to Ghulam Punjtan, then an apparently respectable driver for the Pakistani government.

"A few months after the marriage I discovered Ghulam was a heroin user. I tried to help him kick the habit but all I got were beatings and abuse," she said.

Pakistan has more than four million drug addicts in its population of 160 million, according to figures compiled by the country's Anti-Narcotics Force, which is responsible for investigating and prosecuting drug offences.

Opium poppy is grown on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, a region infamous as a hideout for Taliban and Al-Qaeda extremists and branded the most dangerous place in the world for Americans by US President Barack Obama.

Pakistan shares a 2,500-kilometre (1,560-mile) porous border with Afghanistan , which supplies 90 percent of the opium used to make heroin worldwide.

As such, the largely lawless region is the key transit point for heroin, morphine and hashish heading west to Iran , Turkey , the Balkans and Europe, and east to China .

As it passes through what has become the central theatre of the "war on terror," cheap supplies are left behind for the locals, with one gram costing as little as 80 rupees (one dollar) in Karachi , the southern port on the Arabian Sea and Pakistan 's commercial hub.

Here anyone can afford a hit. And many, like Rubina Naz's husband, do.

Her life lurched from bad to worse as her husband's addiction spun out of control. When he lost his job, she took factory work to ensure the family had an income.

"My husband fell seriously ill three years ago. His father took him to a hospital where tests confirmed him HIV positive," she said.

But her in-laws didn't tell Rubina about the disease, and she continued to have sex with her husband. Weeks after he died, she fell ill and was diagnosed HIV positive.

Pakistan 's chronically underfunded and crumbling health system offers little help for drug users to conquer addiction -- let alone deal with its devastating consequences.

Because of the enormous quantities of drugs that pass through the country, abuse and addiction are on the rise, without the health services and anti-drugs squads needed to adequately combat the scourge.

Pakistan 's understaffed and under-equipped Anti-Narcotics Force has around 2,000 personnel policing the snaking mountainous border with Afghanistan and the 900 kilometres (563 miles) it shares with Iran , the main smuggling routes.

Border control duties are shared with paramilitary troops already struggling with a deadly counter-insurgency campaign in the tribal belt.

"Even though the challenges facing a transit country like Pakistan are increasing with every passing day, the resources available to counter the threat of narcotics continue to remain meager," the Force said in a report.

The majority of drug users in Pakistan smoke hashish, experts say. Heroin, alcohol, tranquillisers and pain killers are the other most common drugs.

A joint study released last year by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime and the Paris Pact Initiative, an international partnership to counter trafficking and consumption of Afghan opiates, found that trafficking of Afghan opiates through Pakistan towards lucrative markets abroad is on the rise.

Seizures are also on the rise, it said -- but both figures just reflect an increase in the cultivate of poppy in Afghanistan .

"Trafficking of opiates into and through Pakistan increased dramatically during the period 2001-2006 corresponding roughly to the increase in opium production in Afghanistan from 185 metric tons in 2001 to 6,100 metric tons in 2006," the report said.

In 2005, Pakistan seized 24 tonnes of heroin and morphine, accounting for 27 percent of total seizures worldwide, it said, adding that in 2006, that figure leapt to a record 35 tonnes.

UN experts have said that the easy availability of narcotics is compounded by general ignorance among Pakistanis about the consequences of taking them.

A report earlier this decade found that more than 80 percent of Pakistanis did not believe narcotics to be harmful, and that many addicts were introduced to drugs by friends and relatives.

One of those who learnt the hard way was 25-year-old Shabana.

Introduced to heroin by classmates, she thought it was fantastic, she said.

It quickly took over her life as she graduated from smoking to sniffing and, finally, injecting. She lost weight, dropped out of college, and her family abandoned her.

"I began to take drugs with my friends for fun, but as time passed it became a matter of life and death," she said, refusing to give her full name.

A photograph of her a few years ago shows a tall girl with fair skin and striking features -- barely recognisable as the girl now lying on a bed in a Karachi rehabilitation centre.

"I started smoking heroin-filled cigarettes and found myself in heaven," she said.

Only an older brother saved her from the hell that addiction can leads to.

"My brother brought me here for rehabilitation. For me he is more than my father. I will not take drugs again, I will not let him down," she said.

 

Senegal court overturns homosexuality jail terms

Mon Apr 20, 8:04 am ET

A general view of a prison in Dakar, in 2005. Dakar's court ...DAKAR (AFP) – Dakar 's court of appeal on Monday overturned jail convictions for homosexuality against nine Senegalese nationals and ordered their immediate release.

The chairman of the appeal court Bara Niang annulled "the official statement in the case and the subsequent procedure" and ordered the arrest warrants against the men lifted.

The men, who were sentenced by a lower court to eight years in prison for homosexual conduct, were due to be released immediately, their lawyers said.

Part of a group involved in HIV/AIDS education, they were convicted of "indecent acts against nature" and membership of a criminal organisation after their arrests in December at a private apartment in a Dakar suburb.

Defence lawyers argued at the beginning of the appeal last week that the police report on which the accusations against the men was based relied mainly on anonymous tip-offs. In addition they said the men were not caught in the act as the prosecution had suggested during the trial.

The prosecution did not contest the defence claims.

Homosexuality is illegal in Senegal where 95 percent of the population is Muslim, and homosexual acts are punishable with up to five years in prison.

The additional three years in prison was due to the judge in the initial trial ruling that the association most of the men worked for was actually a cover for recruiting gay men, according to media reports.

The eight-year sentence was the highest ever to be handed down in Senegal for a homosexuality conviction. It was met with international outrage, notably among human rights organisations. It also prompted French President Nicolas Sarkozy to express his "emotion and concern" at the original verdict.

The defence had protested the men's detention in a notoriously cramped jail in Dakar , arguing they faced constant insults and threats, before they were transferred for their own security to another centre.

 

Africa 's first ladies urge education, health care

By SHAYA TAYEFE MOHAJER, Associated Press Writer Shaya Tayefe Mohajer, Associated Press Writer Tue Apr 21, 11:25 pm ET

First Ladies of countries throughout Africa pose for a photo ...LOS ANGELES – They have seen each other socially, with their husbands in Washington or at the United Nations, but the 15 African first ladies met this time to speak candidly about problems facing women and children on their home continent.

Some called for improved nutrition for children and pregnant mothers, clean water, sanitation infrastructure and inexpensive tools such as insecticide-treated bed nets to help combat malaria. The first ladies at the gathering Tuesday all called for better education for girls.

"Developing partnerships with the education sector will give us significant mileage in preventing maternal and child mortality in the long term," Kenyan first lady Ida Odinga said.

The World Health Organization estimates 121 of every 1,000 children who survive birth in Kenya will die before age 5. The survivors often lose parents, especially amid epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Kenya has 2.4 million orphans, Odinga said.

HIV/AIDS remains one of the toughest problem faced by Africa . The continent is home to nearly 70 percent of all adults and 80 percent of all children living with HIV/AIDS, according to the nonprofit US Doctors For Africa. Other infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis have also plagued the continent.

The meeting was co-sponsored by US Doctors For Africa and African Synergy, a charitable group formed by 22 first ladies of Africa .

"First ladies have a unique role. They exist outside the political realm to some degree but have a very powerful role in their communities" as role models to everyday Africans, said Cora Neumann, an organizer for US Doctors For Africa.

"There's never been a summit focused exclusive to them," Neumann said.

Some of the first ladies already are health advocates in their countries. First lady Nyama Koroma of Sierra Leone said she's been working to rebuild hospitals and medical infrastructure in the years since the country's bloody civil war.

Plans for the event included a fundraiser with a performance by Natalie Cole and a luncheon hosted by California first lady Maria Shriver.

Experts from the World Health Organization, Gates Foundation, U.S. Agency for International Development, World Bank and RAND were among those who participated in discussions alongside the first ladies.

 

MOZAMBIQUE : Coordinated HIV-TB detection and treatment yields results

23 Apr 2009 16:17:18 GMT

Source: IRIN

Reuters and AlertNet are not responsible for the content of this article or for any external internet sites. The views expressed are the author's alone.

MAPUTO, 23 April 2009  - Isabel Maria Francisco, 41, gets up at 4:30 in the morning, eats a light breakfast and takes a minibus taxi to Chamanculo Hospital on the outskirts of Mozambique's capital, Maputo, to start work as a patient-expert at 6:00 a.m.

Despite her shyness when talking to IRIN/PlusNews, a transformation takes place as she tells hundreds of patients in seminars at the hospital and in communities about the importance of adhering to their tuberculosis (TB) and HIV drug regimens, and motivates them never to miss a dose of their medicine. She managed to cure her TB infection after eight months of treatment in 2004, and started taking antiretroviral (ARV) medication in 2008.

Like Francisco, other activists supported by provincial and district health facilities visit remote areas looking for people with symptoms of TB - a cough that has persisted for more than three weeks, phlegm, breathlessness and chest pains - and refer them to the closest health centre, or collect samples and take them to testing centres by bicycle.

"It's also common to see TB patients sitting in the shade of a tree in rural districts, taking their medication together under the watch of a volunteer," said Paula Samo Gudo, head of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme.

In search of the perfect treatment

Mozambique is 18th on the World Health Organization (WHO) list of the 22 countries most affected by TB. The government estimates that 20,000 cases are diagnosed every year, but these figures probably represent half the actual number of cases, since up to 50 percent are never diagnosed.

With the support of health activists and other groups, such as traditional doctors and faith-based organizations, who work directly in the community, the Health Ministry has recorded an improvement in detecting TB: 35,672 new cases were registered in 2006, but this rose to 38,044 in 2007.

There is growing concern over keeping people on treatment, and Gudo said the Ministry of Health would conduct a survey to determine the scale of treatment defaulting.

A major reason for treatment interruption is the movement of Mozambican workers to mines in neighbouring South Africa . Many come to their native country for treatment but go back across the border as soon as they show improvement. Myths that TB does not exist, or is the result of witchcraft, also contribute to people stopping therapy.

Interrupting treatment for TB or HIV can lead to the development of strains of TB that are resistant to first-line drugs and are much more difficult to diagnose and treat, which are becoming increasingly common among migrant mine workers and their families.

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), the most highly transmissible form of TB, represents an estimated 3.4 percent of all new cases of the disease in Mozambique .

The country does not yet have the capacity to diagnose extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), so when a patient is suspected of having XDR-TB, samples are sent to be tested in South Africa . So far, only one confirmed case has been registered in Mozambique , in 2006, and the patient passed away in the same year.

Médecins Sans Frontières-Switzerland, an international medical aid organization, provides technical support to the Ministry of Health to treat TB in Maputo . Gbamou George Tonamou, a physician with the organization, told IRIN/PlusNews that he worked with TB patients showing resistance to treatment and those who were HIV-positive.

"These are actually the hardest patients to treat," he commented. "We have to be very careful, as, since they have failed to react well to initial treatment and many of them have AIDS, a simple slip-up could be fatal."

Official Health Ministry figures indicate that some 60 percent of TB patients are co-infected with HIV, and all the units providing TB treatment now also offer HIV counselling and testing.


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